Jakarta 1950-an

Nama : Fauzi Pujarama
Npm   : 19210258
Kelas  : 4 ea 16

In the 1950s, several years after the transfer of sovereignty (December 29th 1949), Jakarta has a very dense population. But, of course, can not be compared with the total population today. Before World War II (Asia-Pacific War) 1942-1945 Jakarta has a population just less than half a million people, but in the 1950s jumped more than doubled.

That number continues to swell due to insecurity in these areas, so many residents who moved to Jakarta. In West Java, for example, an uprising DI / TII Kartosuwirjo leadership. Cars rarely dared to travel from Jakarta to Bandung, because it is not safe. The uprising also occurred in various areas, among others, requires the establishment of an Islamic state.

When the governor Ali Sadikin visit to the Netherlands, Amsterdam mayor gelangkan shook their heads when hearing Jakarta has a population over four million people. Whereas before World War II, only has a population of approximately half a million people, much lower than the Amsterdam population numbered 800,000. This number hardly increased again when Bang Ali visited there.

At that time the per capita income of Indonesia's population of 70 million people, only about 90 U.S. dollars. Now over 10 times, about 1000 U.S. dollars. At that time, the People's School students (now SD), more went to school with bare feet. Eat only twice a day. Breakfast is ample with sweet potatoes and cassava. School students who are not in uniform, many still wearing the patch. I, for example, earn pocket money school only sma 'or setalen (25 cents).

Bung Karno are aware of the difficulties faced by the people of Indonesia, August 17, 1950 in a speech entitled From Sabang to Merauke, saying, "Do not suppose we've all been credited with a drop in three colors (Dutch flag). As long as there are still mourning in the huts, our work is not yet finished. "

Jakarta in the early 1950s was much different from the previous decade. If we walk in the middle of the night, we will see people sleeping in a doorway. At the center of the crowd Monday, in the evening, when we eat, lots of beggars, including children, are ready to wait. They will invade our leftovers.

Journalist Mochtar Lubis who stepped foot for the first time in Jakarta in 1940, wrote, "It is convenient that the city in the future. Roadside trees filled with acid, Venus and various other trees, provide shade and protection in a torrid time. "

Although life is very simple, bathing in the river (ngebak) when I was little so delicious. The water is clear and deep. The rivers are still wide and not contaminated as it is now. Public transport tram which was then dominated by rolling in almost every corner of Jakarta. Pay him too cheap, only 10 cents. For school children, when the subscription, just pay half price. Unfortunately, the country has been independent feel a lot of people who do not want to pay for the tram ride. When asked, he replied, "ride". As well as now, many do not buy a ticket when rising the KRL.

Do not be said the political atmosphere at the time. In a parliamentary democracy by Bung Karno derided as a free fight liberation, the parties mutually claws and jegal-jegalan. Cabinet crisis, said Bung Karno, such as cake merchandise, merchandise hotcakes. Between 1950-1959 Indonesia experienced a crisis cabinet 17 times on average once every 8 months.

Polemics and verbal abuse occurs in the newspapers that the average time it rises no more than four pages. All you need is admirable loyalty of people to read the newspaper of the party they are interested in, such as Eternal (Masjumi), People's Daily (PKI), torch Indonesia (PNI), Community Ambassador (NU), Guidelines and Keng Po (PSI), and the Stars east (left-wing). In fact, even small parties at that time also has its own media, such as Indonesia News (Murba Party) and Sin Po (BAPERKI).

Despite the hard times, for those deep pockets are a number of entertainment venues. Like, in Princen Park (now Lokasari in Mangga Besar) there is a place for their dance-dances. Similarly Hotel des Indes (now shopping Duta Merlin) attended many diplomatic corps who also opened an office here. In addition to the Capitol cinema (now a mall) Istiqlal Mosque, also there is a restaurant and entertainment venues. At Citadel Weg (now Jl Veteran I), there are entertainment venues during the Black Cat that the Dutch specifically for them.

In Kemayoran Airport Restaurant, Koes Plus music group at the time duets. But, apparently Bung Karno less like this ngok ngak ngak music. He not only prohibits, even once imprisoned them. Meanwhile, the most prestigious shopping at the time was the New Market and Glodok. Both the shopping area had been a black market selling dollars and other foreign currencies.

At that time the term was unknown to the rocking erotic dangdut. Meanwhile, the singer fight each other to look sexy. Understandably, the artist who did not dare openly difficult to sell. At that time women were dressed very polite, including the Malay orchestra singers. They wore two called bun bun negotiate. While the girls hair braided and no one has nglayap to the mall-mala which was then not yet appeared.

 REPUBLIKA - Sunday, June 3, 2007

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Pasar Senen dan Dominasi Sepeda

Here Pasar Senen, Central Jakarta, is immortalized in 1900 or 109 years ago. Senen Market was built in August 1735 by Justin Vink, a senior who owns the land flooded by the VOC in Batavia. When it came to Pasar Senen at this point, what is certain is perpetuated over a century ago is now no trace at all. The shops, roads, and traffic is dominated by the time the bike has changed. Senen market as well as his twin brother Tanah Abang market is now a modern market that is open 24 hours. 

Ahead of Eid, we went to Pasar Senen which should not bother. At least, put up with traffic jams and must be prepared to jostle. See photo below, how nice it came time Pasar Senen. The casual cyclist with his vehicle push. Meanwhile, pedestrians back and forth without fear of collision. 

The shops in Pasar Senen has a typical building of the Chinese society of the home country. Because, since the massacre of the Chinese which killed thousands of people in 1740, those many who moved to Monday and Djatinegara City. Antiquity Pasar Senen still feels thick including building-bangunanya. But, at the time of Ali Sadikin become governor of Jakarta, almost all the buildings demolished and built a modern project Monday. Then, by the governor's successor, built Atrium Senen. As if competing with built Tanah Abang same time, preparing Monday as a modern shopping center in Asia. 

Unfortunately, it is no longer remaining buildings of the old days as a historical cultural heritage. Jakarta, which holds a mega city with a population of tens of million people had to be developed. But, not all destroyed and exterminated. Leave well past Pasar Senen 250-year-old, given the extent of the market's six hectares will be integrated modern trade center that also features 30 floors of apartments containing approximately 2,500 units will be standing room. Once again, reserving well past Monday as part of the historical sights are now actually developed in the modern cities of the world. 

REPUBLIKA - Saturday, September 12, 2009

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Dari Benteng Belanda ke Istiqlal

This is the most monumental mosque and the largest in Southeast Asia. Istiqlal means 'Freedom', symbolizing the independence and prosperity of the Indonesian people after successfully freeing themselves from the shackles of colonialism. President Sukarno deliberately chose to build this mosque on the ruins of the former Dutch fort which covers 9.9 hectares. 

Dutch Fortress or Citadel located at Wilhelmina Park. Formerly in the middle of the Istiqlal there Michiels Monument, in honor of Major General Andreas Victor Michiels, Dutch military commander in West Sumatra. He died from severe injuries suffered by the freedom fighters when facing a rebellion led an expedition in Bali (23 in 1848). This colonial emblem destroyed after independence. 

While the name was changed to Wilhelmina Park Wijayakusuma Park, Jalan Pintu Air, Central Jakarta. Istiqlal mosque construction was initiated by the Minister of Religious KH Wahid Hasyim (the father Gus Dur) and H Anwar Tjokroaminoto (HOS son Tjokroaminoto) together with other Muslim leaders in 1950, just a few months after the transfer of sovereignty. This all-powerful fortress, when demolished with dynamite by the Army Corps of Engineers takes one and a half years. 

During the month of Ramadan, thousands of worshipers can enjoy iftar together at Istiqlal, which its food is donated by benefactors. Every Friday is not less than 25 thousand worshipers at this magnificent mosque. While on Eid, estimated worshipers membeludak reached more than 200 thousand people. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the ministers, and diplomatic corps will pray in the mosque ID pride of the people of Indonesia. 

Istiqlal Mosque consists of several buildings. Like, the main building measuring 100 x 100 m (one hectare), is the principal building and all around there are five floors. The total building area of ​​36,980 square meters parent or almost four hectares. On top of the main building is made dome-shaped skeleton of the polyhedron, which wrapped betuh reinforced construction. At its peak, there is the epitome of 'Crescent and Star' is made of stainless steel. 

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Gang Secretarie (Jalan Veteran III) 1870-an

Gang Secretarie (now Jalan Veteran III), Central Jakarta, was originally a place to serve the activities of the secretariat general of the Dutch East Indies governor, like the state secretariat today. Serve the interests of the building where the colonial administration (not pictured), located on the front right side. This building later became the Hotel der Nederlanden (1846), a magnificent second after Des Indes Hotel. Previous (1840), named Hotel Royale. After independence (1950), because the smell colonial name was changed to Hotel Nirmala Dharma. 

President Sukarno, who dwelt in the Palace (next to the hotel), for the sake of security and then make it as headquarters Tjakrabirawa, special forces guard the president and his family. In 1969, when a special guard Tjakrabirawa President Suharto disbanded, the building was used as office Bina Graha presidential one workplace everyday. 

According to the Dutch historian early 20th century, de Haan, the existence of this road started when in 1794, a wealthy landowner, Pieter Tency, in 1794 to build a luxury house in the plot of land that extends from Veterans Road to Merdeka North. Includes land that is now standing Harmony House (now part of the State Secretariat after demolished), the National Palace and the Palace. 

In the photo, visible roads are not paved at that time stood still lighting the gas and just installed since the afternoon. Gang Secretarie (seketre community), a local elite who favored because on both sides filled with trees. Then, the whole house has been demolished and the area is part of the Presidential Palace. In this place, located DPA Building Council (SAC), the highest state body which is now defunct. At the end of the Gang Secretarie, dealing with Monas, there are buildings MA (Supreme Court). 

Until early 1960, in Jalan Veteran III there are several companies and shops, before used as a presidential activities. Contrary to Bina Graha, are building the American Motion Picture Association of Importers (Association of the U.S. film importers), which supplies films from Uncle Sam to the Indonesian state. When the left did boycott of U.S. movies and the West, in March 1965 the building burned. In this place, then re-built the Secretariat of State. 

REPUBLIKA - Saturday, October 3, 2009

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Panser NICA Mencari Pejuang

Just over a month after the declaration of independence, allied forces led by British army arrived in the port of Tanjung Priok with heavy weapons. Together with Allied, join forces piggybacking Netherlands (NICA = Netherlands Indies Civil Administration) who want power back dibekas colonies. In the photo, visible when using Panzers NICA troops entered one of the villages in Jakarta. They are looking for fighters on the physical revolution (1945-1949) was determined to 'ready to die to defend freedom'. Look how sunyinya highway only small children and the mothers who stand on their home page. 

Allied troops landing in Jakarta cause a variety of resistance. Until there was chaos-chaos in various places. NICA troops disruptive streets of the capital and opened fire on the people without distinction, especially the fighters who died defending freedom. Not only in the villages, NICA forces also plundered the passenger trains including the elderly. I still remember the end of 1945 when the situation in the villages young men with guns preparing bamboo spears to fight against the Dutch. 

To avoid the entry of the Dutch troops, driveway installed in the villages of barbed wire barricade. Meanwhile, the women especially the girls prepare a soup kitchen for the fighters. In the village Kwitang, Central Jakarta, many of the fighters who died in the struggle against the Dutch. Due to the cemetery in Karet, Tanah Abang, unsafe, these fighters are buried behind the mosque Kwitang. Only after the transfer of sovereignty, they were buried at Kalibata Heroes Cemetery. 

Because the Netherlands (NICA) overwhelmed by the opposition, in a number of villages NICA burn houses and spewing bullets tommygun it to the people, who tried to put out the fire. At that time, many young NICA kidnapped and taken to the Police Headquarters in Hopbiro, which was then located on the monument (in front of the Department of Defense). 

File entries, as stated President Sukarno, shows in Jakarta alone between September and December 1945 around 8,000 people were killed. President Sukarno as dituturkannya to U.S. author Cindy Adams stated, "One of the reasons why I'm not happy to England was because of all the terror committed in a planned, carried out under the eyelid England, while they (the UK) is responsible for ensuring the 'law and order 'in our islands. "

The struggle of the people in the country to maintain the independence gave birth to the formation of People's Security Army (TKR) on October 5, 1945, which later became the forerunner of the Indonesian Armed Forces (ABRI). 

REPUBLIKA - Saturday, October 24, 2009

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‘Kota Hantu’ Batavia

REPUBLIKA - Sunday, December 9, 2007 Page: 11a Author: Alwi Shahab Size: 5092 bytes 

Couperus, a newcomer from the Netherlands, so get off of the ship at the port of Sunda Kalapa Batavia in 1815 testifies that previously received the title 'queen of the east' has changed as if a ghost town. 

Then he explored Princenstraat which has now become Jalan Clove, north of the Post Office, Jakarta City. He found several buildings in the old town has been destroyed to the ground including the Governor General's Palace, which is quite a magnificent building at the time. 

The destruction was carried out by the governor-general Herman Willem Daendels in 1808 when it moved downtown to Weltevreden (Gambir and Bull Field), located about 15 km south of the old city. The move was made as the center of the seaside town has become a hotbed of disease. There is mention of 'grave' Dutchmen. 

In fact, prior to his way extending Princenstraat an elite area of ​​the Netherlands. Here are luxury buildings that are part of the most beautiful city of Batavia. "They build houses on the edge of the ditch and canal Tigergrach (canal tiger), a neatly fenced plant walnut trees on both sides, more than anything else I've ever seen in Holland," wrote Couperos. 

At the center of the population of the city government of VOC Batavia busy every day to the office, market or simply cruise around town, while showing off wealth. Great ladies of the Company, as well as Dutch nyai, fancy dress department with tiered skirt like a chicken cage. They seek out the wind beside the canal and the canal Batavia with supercilious. 

The slaves and their accompanying bedinde running. Umbrella face of hot tropical sun. The slave women continue fanning the breeze for the housekeeper who keeps chewing betel nut, memerahi lips. 

Meanwhile, under the shade of a walnut tree lined neatly along the banks of the canal and the canal, passing Batavia residents amid a flurry thousand. "At dusk ahead, bath houses along the banks of the canal and the canal wall, filled with topless women bathing in the water, a man-eater crocodile worry zonder fad that came peeping," Thomas wrote in a book store B Ataladjar Red. At that time, when a moonlit night, especially Saturday night, young men and women who were in love singing while strumming the guitar exploring the canals by boat. 

For residents of Greater Jakarta - Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi will be very difficult today to imagine the city of Batavia were relaxed in the late 18th century and 19th century. Most of the buildings from that era have been razed to the ground. Beautiful gardens surround the villas that give color to the city of Batavia Europe has lost. Some remnants from the past was now appear dirty. Traffic jams, while the mouth of the Ciliwung once proud and accessible to ships, looked dirty, blackish and odorless.

In those days there were no cars, and of course there is no congestion, especially pollution. Hawkers, fast track and lifelike without being chased time like the present. That there are only a few horse-drawn sado broke the silence that is not paved highway and shaded by leafy trees that stand firm without fear of falling as often happens these days. 

According to Bernard Dorleans in the book People Indonesia & The French of Century XVI s / d XX century, in 1815 Batavia has a population of only 47 thousand inhabitants and by the end of the 19th century as many as 116 thousand people. In other words, the capital of the Dutch East Indies when compared with the rural atmosphere of the industrial city and port of Surabaya with a population of 147 thousand inhabitants and rhythmic life faster. 

Governor General Daendels, after devastated the old city of Batavia, Weltevreden build dozens of kilometers south of the old city. In addition to building and government offices as a center, he also built a field Gambir who initially named the Champs de Mars. Then, when the Netherlands became Konings Plein power back. In Weltevreden he also built what is now the Waterlooplein Banteng. 

Konings Plein by Betawi people are called Gambir and Field Ikada Field during the Japanese (now Square Monas), perhaps the most extensive in the world field. Broader than the Santo Pietro in Vatican where the Pope face to face with Catholic pilgrims. Also broader than Tian An Men in Beijing and Red Square in Moscow. 

Near the monument there Betel Garden. Name, it can be expected, the area was once a betel garden. The vines were not so long ago many people to tune chewed nyirih (betel nut). Completeness include lime (betel), areca and gambier. 

Until the 1960s in homes where betel is still available for the mothers who came to visit with spittoons to throw red colored saliva after chewing. Until the 19th century, not just women, men too much to nyirih.

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Laan Trivelli di Tanah Abang

Photos of the early 20th century show that immortalized the highway from the point Trivell Gang (now Jl Tanah Abang II) to the Central Jakarta Tanah Abang Market. From a distance, it appears from the electric tram-Harmony Fish Market to Tanah Abang. Along the way he passed, power poles lined up in Jl Abdul Muis (first Jl Tanah Abang Hill). On the left in front of the wide gravel roads or referred Laan, visible row of houses whitewashed villa full of neatly organized plants. Looks wagon was passing in the street looking for passengers. At that time, most of the Betawi people work as towing a wagon. In the villages, there are many stables (stables places). 

Tanah Abang when it is part of the Weltevreden (area more comfortable) with Gambir and New Market, after the Dutch citizens busy to migrate from the old town in the Fish Market. The houses are lined up in villas Jl Abdul Muis now there are none left. Into offices and shops and businesses that have been fused with the Tanah Abang market. 

The market was once dubbed 'the market goat' is now being extended to Kebun Kacang (there are 30 aisles), Jl KH Mas Mansyur, Kebun Melati, Petamburan, Ilir Dam, to Brass. It shows how rapidly the business in this market, which was founded 271 years ago. Among the old buildings are still lagging behind in Tanah Abang is Masjid Al-Makmur, historic mosques built 17th century by two brothers of the Islamic Mataram kingdom when attacked Batavia in 1628 and 1629. 

Street names 

In the colonial era, the Dutch always boast the names of streets, places, and villages in Batavia to mimic the name of his country. Including, community leaders, kings, and queens them. In Laan Trivelli, there is a Presidential Guard headquarters (Paswalpres). Beside him, Jl Tanah Abang I first called Kerkhoflaan. 

In this way, there is a burial place Inscription Museum Europeans / Christians side by side with the mayor's office in Central Jakarta. Here, we find a number of governors-general inscriptions and tomb of Dutch citizens / Europe who died in Batavia. The tombs in the form of the inscription has been transferred here from the old cemetery in the city, which is located next to the Jakarta History Museum. 

Still in the area of ​​Tanah Abang, Jl Tanah Abang III formerly Laan de Riemer, the name of the Dutch people who once inhabited the streets in the 19th century. Adjacent to this road is Jalan Tanah Abang IV, which in colonial times was named Laan de Briljkop and by the tongue called Gang Brengkop Betawi. Jalan Tanah Abang named V Gang Thomas also perpetuate the name of the Dutch citizens who live in this way. 

In Jl Tanah Abang V, where the late former foreign minister Ali Alatas was raised. His father was Abdullah Salim Alatas, once a professor of Arabic at the University of Indonesia. Beginning in the 1960s, when Hamka in his book titled Sinking Ship Van der Wijk, accused of plagiarism by leftists (LEKRA) Manfulutfi Egyptian author, Abdullah Salim Alatas defend it in a debate when it's warm.

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